Question 60 Answer and Explanation _ACT April 2019 Form Z15 English Section

Passage IV

Quick-Change Artist

Cephalopods are smart creatures in general. But Thaumoctopus mimicus— the mimic octopus discovered in the estuaries of Indonesia and Malaysia in 1998, exhibits an almost eerie level of intelligence. It appears to be the first known animal who’s repertoire of sophisticated deceptive behaviors enables it to imitate multiple animals.

The mimic octopus's habitat, a largely featureless expanse rich in worms, echinoderms, crustaceans, and fishes, is equally rich in predators. With few places to hide, the mimic, like many other cephalopods are dependent on deception for survival. Its lack of a skeleton allows it to change shape, while chromatophores, tiny sacs of yellow, brown, red, or black pigment located just under the skin, allow it to change color and pattern in less than a second. Unlike most cephalopods, though, this octopus imitates the behavior of other animals as well.

When slowly foraging along the seafloor, probing holes with its arms, trapping prey in its flared web. The mimic typically avoids notice. It assumes a drab, brown color, blending in with the silt and sand.

But as speed increases, it morphs into the teardrop shape of a flatfish, arms trailing behind. Scientists debate whether, in the end, the octopus's final, ultimate goal is to mimic the toxic sole or the unpalatable flounder.

Additionally, the octopus’s intentions appear more certain: when a territorial damselfish is present, for example, the octopus imitates the fish’s predator, a venomous banded sea snake. It plunges six arms and its body into the sand, displays a banded black-and-white color pattern, and waves the two free arms in opposite directions. The gesture appears quite effective in warding off an attack.

As yet, scientists have minimal video footage of the mimic octopus, and the momentary glimpses afforded by still photos offered inconclusive evidence for claims about the extent of the octopus’s capabilities. Some argue it can mimic up to fifteen species. Others remain unconvinced. Nearly all, however, are awed by its ingenuity.

60. Suppose the writer’s primary purpose had been to focus on a particular animal’s use of deception for predatory purposes. Would this essay accomplish that purpose?

F. Yes, because it asserts that although there is some debate about the octopus’s intentions, most scientists agree that it is an ingenious predator.

G. Yes, because it explains how the mimic octopus uses imitation while foraging.

H. No, because it describes the mimic octopus's deception more as a general tool for survival than as a means of pursuing prey.

J. No, because it focuses primarily on how the mimic octopus’s deceptive strategies compare to those of other cephalopods.

Answer and Explanation

Your Answer is

Correct Answer is H

Explanation

Item H: The stem of the question assumes that the main purpose of the article is to describe an animal that uses deception to achieve the purpose of hunting, and this article comprehensively describes the imitation behavior of octopuses, rather than focusing on predation, so it is wrong, and item H is correct.